English Writing Online: Sample Grammar and writing index

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a
abbreviations in essays	Speaking / writing differences	Page 5
academic writing (see nominalization)	Nominalization	Pages 1 - 4
acronyms	Speaking / writing differences	Page 6
adjective + noun	Nominalization	Page 1
adjectives, other kinds of, summary	Adjectives	Page 14
adjective + preposition	Adjectives	Page 3: Click Adj/Prep button
adjective + prepositional phrase	Adjectives	Page 9
adjective + to + infinitive	Adjectives	Page 4
adjective + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 9
adjective + to + infinitive/that clause	Adjectives	Page 5
adjective as object complement	Adjectives	Page 6
adjectives and punctuation	Adjectives	Page 13
adjectives and though in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
adjectives as complement	Adjectives	Page 6
adjectives form	Adjectives	Page 1
adjectives function	Adjectives	Page 7
adjectives in exclamations	Adjectives	Page 7
adjectives in literary English	Adjectives	Page 11
adjectives participles	Adjectives	Page 2
adjectives participles or verb	Adjectives	Page 2: Click button Adj or verb
adjectives participles replacing clauses	Adjectives	Page 2
adjectives prefixes	Adjectives	Page 2
adjectives suffixes	Adjectives	Page 1
adjectives that change meaning	Adjectives	Page 10
adjectives that show the future	Future	Page 5
adjectives used in predicative position	Adjectives	Page 8
adjectives used only in attributive position	Adjectives	Page 8
adverb + ungradable adjective collocation	Ungradable adjectives	Page 2: Click More button
adverbials	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Adverbials button
adverbial clauses in short clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 2
adverbial clauses leaving out the verb	Adverbial clauses	Page 2
adverbial clauses of manner	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
adverbial clauses of place	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
adverbial clauses of purpose	Adverbial clauses	Page 5
adverbial clauses of reason	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
adverbial clauses position	Adverbial clauses	Page 1
adverbial clauses, definition	Adverbial clauses	Page 1
adverbial conjunctions: as a result, consequently, therefore	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 1
adverbials in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 1
adverbials in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 6
adverbials, new information	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 5
adverbial phrases	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
adverbials, position of	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Pages 5 - 6
adverbials, types of	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 1
adverbs + ungradable adjectives	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 1
adverbs in nominalized sentences	Nominalization	Page 1
adverbs in predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 2
adverbs of degree	Adverbs and adverbials	Pages 11 -14
adverbs of frequency	Adverbs and adverbials	Pages 10 – 11
adverbs of manner and place	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 6
adverbs of time	Adverbs and adverbials	Pages7 -8
adverbs of time, far, long and after	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 9
adverbs with two forms	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 3
adverbs of time in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 6
adverbs with will	Future	Page 3
adverbs and adjective that are the same	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 2
adverbs, formation	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 2
adverbs, position of	Adverbs and adverbials	Pages 4 - 5
affirmative and negative statements	Asking and giving opinions	Page 5
after in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 7
agreeing and disagreeing	Agreeing and disagreeing	Page 1-8
agreement and disagreement	Cohesion	page 9
all of, some of , many of to refer to the subject or the object of the clause	Relative Clauses	Page 4
all the same	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
almost, nearly, practically, virtually + ungradable adjective	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 3
already in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 6
also in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
although, though, even though, much as	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 4
always with past continuous	Past simple and past continuous	Page 10
anaphoric reference	Cohesion	Page 4
annoying habits	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 2
APA style	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 1
appealing to the senses (writing)	Introduction to description	Page 2
as + do + subject	Cohesion	Page 8
as and than clauses in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 8
as and though	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 4
as cited in	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 7
as in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
as soon as in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 6
as though, as if	Subjunctive and unreal past	Pages 7 - 8
as, while	Adverbial clauses	Page 3
as.as comparison	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 7
ask, want to know in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 11
asking for and giving opinions	Asking and giving opinions	Page 2
asking for and giving reasons, agreeing	Asking and giving opinions	Page 3
asking questions (brainstorming)	Brainstorming	Pages 8 - 11
attributive adjectives	Adjectives	Page 6
audience	Written genres and the writing process	Page 1: Click Audience button
avoidance	Asking and giving opinions	Page 5
avoiding you in essays	Pronouns	Page 2: click Avoiding you in essays button
b
background knowledge (see shared knowledge)
background knowledge in essays	Speaking / writing differences	Page 4
backshift	Reported speech	Pages 6 - 7
bar graphs	Describing graphs and charts	Page 5
bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
be + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
be able to for ability	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 1
be allowed to	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 5
be going to	Future	Page 6
be going to verses present continuous as future	Future	Pages 9-10
be supposed to	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 4
because in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
because of + noun in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
before in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Pages 7 - 8
before, after, since, when, until, as soon as, hardly	Adverbial clauses	Page 3
being + past participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 8
beliefs in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 3
bibliography/reference list	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 8
block method (writing)	Introduction to comparison and contrast	Page 2
brainstorming	Written genres and the writing process	Page 5
brainstorming introduction	Brainstorming	Page1
but + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
but for in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
but, while, whereas, yet, much as, though as an adverb in clauses	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 3
c
can for ability	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 1
can/be able to differences	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 2
can/could and may/might: differences in meaning	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 8
can/could in negatives and questions	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 3
cataphoric reference	Cohesion	Page 5
causative get/have in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Pages 8-9
cause and effect introduction (writing)	Introduction to cause and effect	Page 1
certainly for predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 2
certainty in the past	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 4
certainty with be	Future 2	Page 4
changes in reported speech: people, place, tense and time	Reported speech	Page 4
changing clauses around	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Notes button
changing the point of view	Story genres	Page 10
circular reasoning in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 13
clause, the	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1
clauses in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 5
clause types introduction	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 5: Click example Sentences button
clauses of contrasts	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 3
cleft sentences	There /It	Page 8
clustering (brainstorming)	Brainstorming	Page 6
coherence	From the paragraph to the essay	page 4
coherence	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
cohesion	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 3
cohesion	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
cohesion, introduction	Cohesion	Pages 1 -2
coincidence (or irony) (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 4
collocation	Cohesion	Page 19
colon (:) in reference	Cohesion	Page 5
column graphs	Describing graphs and charts	Page 6
commands	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 5
commands in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 12
common ground (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 4
common knowledge in referencing	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 1
common phrases with so, do, that	Cohesion	Page 12
common prefixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 1
comparative adjectives	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 1
comparative adverbs	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 1
- adverbs	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Adverbs button
- as + many/much/many/few + as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9
- as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 7
- as…as in measurements	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9
- by far, slightly, easily, one of, etc.	Comparatives and superlatives	Pages 3 - 4
- comparatives with the	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 6
- different from/to	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 11
- elder/older	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Irregular forms – page 2
- equality ( is + no + comparative / is + not + any + comparative	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 7
- far/farthest	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Irregular forms – page 1
- fewer/fewest	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 5
- formal styles	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 10
- irregular forms	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Irregular forms button
- just as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	page 7
- later/latest	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Irregular forms – page 2
- least, uses of	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 5. Click Least button
- less/least	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 5
- like verses as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 11
- like/alike	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 11
- long adjectives	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Long adjectives button
- metaphors	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 12
- modifying comparisons	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 3
- modifying superlatives	Comparatives and superlatives	Pages 3 - 4
- more, uses of	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 6
- more/most	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 4
- most meaning very	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 5
- nearly and quite as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 8
- nearly, almost, about as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 8
- not + too	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9
- not as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 8
- not so much…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 6
- nothing like as... as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 8
- nowhere near as…as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 8
- pronouns	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Pronouns button
- rather than	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 6
- short adjectives	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Short adjectives button
- similar to	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 11
- similes with as if/though	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 12
- similes with like and as	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 12
- so, patterns with	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9: Click SSET button – page 1
- so/too/enough in comparisons	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9
- spelling rules	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 2: Click Spelling rules button
- such, patterns with	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9: Click SSET button – pages 1 - 2
- superlative of phrase	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 4
- than in comparisons	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 3
- the same	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 7
- too, patterns with	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9: Click SSET button – pages 2 - 3
- which comparative form	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 13
-enough, patterns with	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 9: Click SSET button – page 3
comparison	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 7
comparison and contrast in lists	Parallelism	Page 3
comparison (writing), basis for	Introduction to comparison and contrast	Page 1
complements in sentence structure	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Complements button
compound adjectives	Adjectives	Page 3
compound adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 3
conclusions in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 1
conditionals introduction	Conditionals	Page 1
conjunction + participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 10
conjunctions in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 21
conjunctive adverbs	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 2
conjunctive adverbs punctuation	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 2: Click Punctuation button
connotation in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 12
context/can or will?	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 1
controlling idea	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 2
conversation fillers	Speaking / writing differences	Page 2
co-ordinate clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1
co-ordination, subordination	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 5: Click Writing tips button
correlative conjunctions	Parallelism	Page 2
could have + past participle	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 4
couldn't + comparative adjective	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 8
countable nouns	Articles	Page 1
counterarguments, rebuttals (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 6
d
dangling modifiers	Dangling and misplaced modifiers	Page 1
dangling modifiers	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 5
dare as a modal verb	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 6
deduction	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 7
defining relative clauses with things	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click Things button
defining relative clauses with who, whom, that	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click People button
use of defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page: 2: Click Defining button
defining, non-defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 1
definite article the	Articles	Page 3
definitely for predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 2
dependent clause (see subordinate clause)
describing people logical order (writing)	Introduction to description	Page 2
describing places logical order (writing)	Introduction to description	Page 2
despite	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 6
differences between bare infinitive and -ing	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 16
differences between past simple and past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 10
differences between the past perfect continuous and the present perfect continuous	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 15
different meanings with im- and in-	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 2
different meanings with un-	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 2
direct and indirect objects in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 1
direct speech	Reported speech	Page 2
disagreeing, partly agreeing	Asking and giving opinions	Page 4
discourse markers	Cohesion	page 5
discussion model	Asking and giving opinions	Page 1
do as an ordinary verb	Cohesion	Page 7
do so/do it/do that	Cohesion	Page 10
do the + gerund	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 3
double entendre (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 2
doubtless	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
draft outline	Brainstorming	Pages 5 - 7
due to + noun in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
e
each other, one another	Pronouns	Page 2: click Impersonal pronouns buttons
each, every	Pronouns	Page 3: Click Learn more button
each, every, either, neither	Adjectives	Page 14
either	Cohesion	Page 9
ellipsis	Cohesion	Page 13
ellipsis and adjectives	Cohesion	Page 17
ellipsis and auxiliaries	Cohesion	Pages 14 - 15
ellipsis and to + infinitive	Cohesion	Page 16
ellipsis and want/would like	Cohesion	Page 17
ellipsis in comparison clauses	Cohesion	Page 15
ellipsis points in quotes	In-text referencing and bibliography	page 6
ellipsis with question words	Cohesion	page 16
ellipsis with verbs	Cohesion	page 17
emotional appeals in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 6
enough (adjective/adverb enough)	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 1
especially/specially	Adverbs and adverbials	page 15
euphemisms (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 2
evaluation and review	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
even if in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
even so	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
even though	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 4
examples sentences of reported speech		Page 5: Click Examples button
except + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
except that (to introduce an adverbial clause)	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
expressing criticism	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 4
expressing likes and dislikes	LikesDislikes	Page 1
expressions with be in the past	Future 2	Page 12
f
facts	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 1
facts in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 2
fairly + ungradable adjective	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 2
false analogy in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 15
false authority in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 14
false prefixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 3
false premises in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 9
farce (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 6
feedback in spoken and written communication	Speaking / writing differences	Page 2
finished states	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 3
finite verbs and clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Finite button
first conditional	Conditionals	Page 3
first draft, the	Written genres and the writing process	Page 7
first person point of view	Story genres	Page 6
flattery in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 15
focusing adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	page 15
for + object + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 7
for + object + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 12
formality	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
fragments in spoken language	Speaking / writing differences	Page 3
fragments, types of	Fragments and run-ons	Pages 1-7
free writing	Brainstorming	Page 13
from the paragraph to the essay	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 6
fronting adverbs	Fronting and inversion	Page 2
fronting adverbs of place, manner, frequency	Fronting and inversion	Page 3
fronting clauses	Fronting and inversion	Page 5
fronting comparisons	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
fronting complements	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
fronting demonstrative pronouns	Fronting and inversion	Page 3
fronting new information	Fronting and inversion	Page 2
fronting objects	Fronting and inversion	Page 3
fronting sequence of events	Fronting and inversion	Page 2
fronting verbs	Fronting and inversion	Page 5
fronting with adjectives and though	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
function	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
function of texts	Written genres and the writing process	Page 1: Click Function button
funny stories (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
future, introduction	Future 1	Pages 1-2
future continuous	Future 2	Page 6
future continuous for routines, arrangements	Future 2	Page 7
future continuous or present continuous	Future 2	Page 8
future continuous or will + infinitive	Future 2	Page
future forms with be	Future 2	Page 3
future in the past	Future 2	Page 11
future intentions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 9
future introduction	Future 1	Pages 1-2
future perfect	Future 2	Page 9
future perfect continuous	Future 2	Page 10
future predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 9
g
general nouns in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 20
general to specific (writing)	Brainstorming	Page 15
generalizations in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 10
generic structure	Written genres and the writing process	Page 1; Click Structure button
generic structure in narrative essays	Story genres	Pages 1- 4
genitive s	Pronouns	Page 2: click Possessive pronouns buttons
genre	Story genres	Page 3
gerunds after determiners	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 5
gerunds and adjectives	Gerunds and infinitives	Pages 4-5
gerunds and comparisons	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 5
gerunds introduction	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 1
gerunds with sense verbs	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 3
given/new information - order of clauses	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 3
gradable adjectives and position of adverbs	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 1
h
habits, behaviour, capacity	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 1
had better	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 7
had better + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
hardly for possibility	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 7
hardly in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 6
hardly with could/be able to	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 3
have got + noun + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 10
have to/have got to	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 2
here and there	Cohesion	Page 4
here and there in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
have/have got to differences	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 3
hidden premises in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 8
however	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
however as adverb and conjunction	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 2: Click Notes button
hypothetical situations	Conditionals	Page 5
i
I would advise you	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 8
if + then	Conditionals	Page 1
if + when (conditionals)	Conditionals	Page 2
if and whatever in subjunctive	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 2
if and whether in substitution	Cohesion	Page12
if I were you...	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 3
if I were you	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 8
if noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 5
if only	Subjunctive and unreal past	Pages 5 - 6
if/where in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 11
imagine	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 6
imperative with be	Future 2	Page 4
impersonal pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Impersonal pronouns buttons
impossibility	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 7
improbably situations	Conditionals	Page 5
in case in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
in order to + infinitive	Adverbial clauses	Page 5
in spite of	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 6
in spite of (the fact that)	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 6
in that (to introduce an adverbial clause)	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
in view of + noun in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
indefinite adverts	Pronouns	Page 3
indefinite article a/an	Articles	Page 2
indefinite pronoun/adverb + adjective	Adjectives	Page 9
indefinite pronouns	Pronouns	Page 3
indefinite pronouns something, anything, everything, nothing	Pronouns	Page 3: Click Learn more button
indefinite pronouns: somebody, every body, etc.	Pronouns	Page 3: Click Learn more button
independent clause	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Main clause button
indirect speech	Reported speech	Page 3
indirect speech, uses of	Reported speech	Page 3
infinitive	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click infinitive button
infinitive clauses introduction	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 11
infinitive in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
infinitives in adverbial phrases	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 12
infinitives introduction	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 6
informal requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 3
informal use of gradable adjectives	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 4
informal uses of and	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Notes button
-ing forms in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
interrogative adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	page 14
in-text referencing	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 1
inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 6
inversion after adverbs	Fronting and inversion	Page 8
inversion after questions	Fronting and inversion	Page 10
inversion and pronouns	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
inversion in reported speech	Fronting and inversion	Page 10
inversion with adverbial phrases after not	Fronting and inversion	Page 8
inversion with phrases with no	Fronting and inversion	Page 9
inversion with phrases with only	Fronting and inversion	Page 9
irony (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Pages 4 - 5
-ism	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 4
it + as if/as though	There/It	Page 6
it + be + adjective	There/It	Page 7
it + definite noun phrase	There/It	Page 6
it + reporting verbs in the passive (impersonal it)	There/It	Page 7
it and new information	There/It	Page 5
it as a pronoun	There/It	Page 5
it as empty object	There/It	Page 9
it as empty subject	There/It	Page 5
It's time	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 8
It's time.	Subjunctive and unreal past	Pages 8 - 9
its as possessive adjective	Pronouns	Page 2: click Possessive adjectives buttons
it, uses oft	There/It	Page 6
-ization	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 4
j
jokes (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
jumping on the bandwagon in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 16
just in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 6
k
kinds of evidence in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 5
l
lead-in phrases in referencing	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 2
lead-in phrases, verbs used in	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 2
letters, generic structure	Written genres and the writing process	Page 7
lexical cohesion	Cohesion	Page 18
like used in adverbial clauses in place of as	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
likely to be	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
liking and preference	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 4
limited omniscient point of view	Story genres	Pages 8 - 9
line graphs	Describing graphs and charts	Pages 3-4
linking adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 16
linking verbs	button Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Linking verbs button
lists (brainstorming	Brainstorming	Pages 2- 4
logical appeals in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 6
logical deduction	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 3
logical deduction in the past	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 4
looks/seems as if/as though	There/It	Page 6
m
managed to + -ing	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 4
may for emphatic wishes	Fronting and inversion	Page 9
may/might as well	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 8
mean + noun, utter + noun, sheer + noun	Adjectives	Page 8
meaning of adjective suffixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 6
mechanics of writing	Written genres and the writing process	Page 8
might have + past participle	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 4
might in casual requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 4
mind you	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
misleading statistics in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 14
misplaced modifiers	Dangling and misplaced modifiers	Page 2
mixed conditional	Conditionals	Page 8
modals for habits	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 1
much as	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 4
multiple clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 5
must for opinion	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 2
must not for prohibition	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 2
must/have to differences	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 1
mustn't	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 5
my, your, his, her - possessive adjectives	Adjectives	Page 14
myself, yourself, etc.	Pronouns	Page 2: click Reflexive pronouns buttons
n
narrative genres	Introduction to narrative	Page 1
need as a modal verb	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 5
need as a noun	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 5
need to	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 3
need/need + -ing	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 4
needn't	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 5
needn't have + past participle	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 6
negative prefixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 2
neither or nor in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 8
neither/nor in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 8
nevertheless	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
new information complements	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
new information in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 1
new information in nominalization	Nominalization	Pages 3-4
new information in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 4
no sooner in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 6
nominalization: definition	Nominalization	Page 1
non sequitur in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 12
non-defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click People and Things buttons
use of non-defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click Non-defining button
none the less	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
non-finite subordinate clause	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Subordinate clause button
non-finite verbs and clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Non-finite button
not to replace clauses	Cohesion	Pages 11 -12
noun + participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 4
noun + preposition + object	Nominalization	Page 2
noun + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 10
noun clause or relative clause	Noun clauses	Page 3
noun clauses after abstract nouns	Noun clauses	Page 2
noun clauses as object	Noun clauses	Page 2
noun clauses as subject	Noun clauses	Page 2
noun clauses introduction	Noun clauses	Page 1
noun clauses with empty subject	Noun clauses	Page 2
noun suffixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 4
nouns clauses after adjectives	Noun clauses	Page 2
nouns in informal English	Nominalization	Page 1
now and then in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 4
o
object + active participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 3
object + bare infinitive	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 3
object + participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 5
object pronoun as complement	Pronouns	Page 2: click Object pronouns buttons
object pronoun as direct and indirect objects	Pronouns	Page 2: click Object pronouns buttons
object pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Object pronouns buttons
object pronouns and prepositions and objects	Pronouns	Page 2: click Object pronouns buttons
objective point of view	Story genres	Page 8
objects in that clauses (reported speech)	Reported speech	Page 1
of + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 12
offers	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 1
omniscient point of view	Story genres	Pages 7 - 8
on account of + noun in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
on condition that	Conditionals	Page 8
one as impersonal pronoun	Pronouns	Page 2: click Impersonal pronouns buttons
one/ones in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 6
one-liner (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
one-sided argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 3
only for possibility	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 7
only with could/be able to	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 3
opinions in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 2
order of attributive adjectives	Adjectives	Page 11
order of clauses in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 3
order of clauses in the past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 9
ordinal numbers	Relative clauses	Page 5
otherwise as adverb and conjunction	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 2: Click Notes button
oversimplification in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 11
p
paragraph parts	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 1
paragraph unity	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 2
parallelism and co-ordinating conjunctions	Parallelism	Page 2
parallelism in phrases and clauses/introduction	Parallelism	Page 1
paraphrasing	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 4
parody (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 6
participle + noun	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 4
participle clauses and new information	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 12, Click More button for details
participle clauses and subjects	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 5
participle clauses of condition	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 10
participle clauses of reason	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
participle clauses of reason	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 9
participle clauses of result	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 10
participles after a noun	Adjectives	Page 7
participles and inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
participles before a noun	Adjectives	Page 7
participles in place of relative clauses	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Pages 6-7
participles in the passive	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 8
participles introduction	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Pages 1-2
passive and negative subjunctive	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 1
passive and new information	Passive and causative have and get	Page 4
passive, introduction, form	Passive and causative have and get	Page 1
passive subjects, objects and agents	Passive and causative have and get	Page 2
passive, uses of the	Passive and causative have and get	Pages 4-7
passive with get	Passive and causative have and get	Page 8
past ability	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 3
past continuous for background descriptions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 9
past continuous for past arrangements	Future 2	Page 11
past continuous for uninterrupted actions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 13
past continuous form	Past simple and past continuous	Page 7
past continuous in casual actions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 11
past continuous in narratives	Past simple and past continuous	Page 13
past continuous in requests	Past simple and past continuous	Page 11
past continuous in suggestions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 11
past continuous in unusual actions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 11
past continuous: actions in progress	Past simple and past continuous	Page 8
past continuous: interrupted action	Past simple and past continuous	Page 9
past continuous: temporary or changing situations	Past simple and past continuous	Page 8
past habits with would	Past simple and past continuous	Page 5
past perfect and past perfect continuous summary	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 18
past perfect as the equivalent of present perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 9
past perfect continuous as the equivalent of the present perfect continuous	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 15
past perfect continuous for emphasizing the activity and duration	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 14
past perfect continuous for ongoing	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 12
past perfect continuous form	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 12
past perfect continuous in narratives	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 17
past perfect for repeated actions in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 2
past perfect form	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 1
past perfect in narrative	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 10
past perfect or past perfect continuous	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Pages 16-17
past perfect to show cause	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 11
past perfect to show unfulfilled hopes, intentions, plans	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 11
past perfect with time expressions	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 9
past simple and past continuous differences	Past simple and past continuous	Page 12
past simple for single finished actions/time expressions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 2
past simple form	Past simple and past continuous	Page 1
past simple in requests	Past simple and past continuous	Page 6
past simple spelling rules	Past simple and past continuous	Page 1
past simple: repeated actions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 4
past simple: sequence of actions	Past simple and past continuous	Page 3
past simple: states	Past simple and past continuous	Page 4
past subjunctive	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 3
pathos (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 5
perfect passive infinitive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
permission	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 5
phrasal/prepositional verbs in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
phrases in sentence structure	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Phrases button
pie charts	Describing graphs and charts	Page 2
point by point method (writing)	Introduction to comparison and contrast	Page 2
polite language in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 11
polite requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 3
position of relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 1: Click Position button
possessive adjective + gerund	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 4
possessive adjectives	Pronouns	Page 2: click Possessive adjectives buttons
possessive pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Possessive pronouns buttons
possibility in questions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 10
possibility in the past	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
possibility in the past	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 10
possibility: can, could, may, might	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 6
possibly	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
possibly in polite requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 3
post hoc fallacy in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 11
practical joke (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
predicative adjective + noun in idioms	Adjectives	Page 9
predicative adjectives	Adjectives	Page 6
prediction	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 1
prefixes and hyphens	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 3
prefixes in comparisons	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 2
prefixes/suffixes introduction	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 1
prejudice in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 3
premises in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 1
preposition + gerund	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 3
preposition + which	Relative clauses	Page 3
preposition or to + infinitive?	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 3
prepositional phrases	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Adverbials button
prepositions after wh- clauses	Noun clauses	Page 5
prepositions and noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 5
present continuous + for	Present simple and present continuous	Page 11
present continuous as future	Future 1	Page 9
present continuous for changing situations	Present simple and present continuous	Page 10
present continuous for temporary actions	Present simple and present continuous	Page 10
present continuous form	Present simple and present continuous	Page 9
present continuous uses	Present simple and present continuous	Page 10
present continuous: annoying habits	Present simple and present continuous	Page 11
present perfect continuous and stative verbs	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 16
present perfect continuous for continuing actions past to present	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 15
present perfect continuous for repeated actions	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 19
present perfect continuous form	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 14
present perfect continuous with for and since	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 16
present perfect continuous with recently and lately	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 16
present perfect continuous with time expressions	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 16
present perfect continuous: focus	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 17
present perfect continuous: recent temporary activities	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 17
present perfect simple and adverbs: just, yet, still	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 9
present perfect simple and repeated actions / unfinished time	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 4
present perfect simple been and gone	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 4: click button Been and Gone
present perfect simple for indefinite time	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 2
present perfect simple for past action	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 2
present perfect simple for present relevance	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 2
present perfect simple form	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 1
present perfect simple or continuous	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Pages 18 - 19
present perfect simple uses	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Pages 12-13
present perfect simple with already, lately, recently, only, always	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 10
present perfect simple with continuing states and actions that continue and stop	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 8
present perfect simple with ever and never	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 11
present perfect simple with for and since	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 7
present perfect simple with ordinals	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 11
present perfect simple with states	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 3
present perfect simple with superlatives	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 11
present perfect simple with the only	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 11
present perfect simple with time expressions	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Pages 5 - 6
present perfect simple: since as a conjunction	Present perfect and present perfect continuous	Page 7
present simple + adverbs of frequency	Present simple and present continuous	Page 3
present simple facts and truth	Present simple and present continuous	Page 2
present simple for future actions	Present simple and present continuous	Page 8
present simple form	Present simple and present continuous	Page 1
present simple in the future	Future 1	Page 11
present simple or present continuous for future	Future 1	Page 11
present simple repeated actions	Present simple and present continuous	Page 3
present simple: uses	Present simple and present continuous	Pages 5 - 8
present subjunctive	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 1
pretty + ungradable adjective	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 2
probability	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
probability/improbability with be	Future 2	Page 4
probably	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
prohibition	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 7
promises and threats	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 3
pronouns in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
pronoun reference	Cohesion	Page 3
pronouns in point of view	Story genres	Page 10
pronouns introduction	Pronouns	Page 1
pronouns one, ones	Pronouns	Page 4
pronouns this, that, these, those	Pronouns	Page 4
propaganda (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 3
provided/providing that	Conditionals	Page 8
punch-lines (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
punctuation in adverbial clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 5: Click Punctuation button
punctuation in co-ordinate clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Punctuation button
punctuation in indirect questions	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 2: Click Notes button
punctuation in -ing forms	Fragments and run-ons	Page 4
punctuation in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 2: Click Punctuation button
puns (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 2
purpose clauses for and to	Adverbial clauses	Page 5
purpose clauses with so that + modal	Adverbial clauses	Page 5
q
quantifiers as pronouns	Pronouns	Page 4
quantifiers: some, any, no, few	Adjectives	Page 14
question words + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 10
question words in noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 4
questions, statements, replying	Asking and giving opinions	Page 2
quite + gradable/ungradable adjective	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 2
Quotes, blocked	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 6
Quotes, direct	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 3
Quotes, dropped	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 3
Quotes, dumped	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 2
r
rather than + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
really for predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 2
reason for writing (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 1
reasons for nominalization	Nominalization	Pages 3 - 5
rebuttal, useful phrases in (writing)	Introduction to argument 2	Page 11
recommendation and advice with must	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 6
recommendation and advice with should/ought to	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Pages 6 - 7
recounts	Story genres	Pages 1 - 2
red herring in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 16
reduced relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 5
redundancy in essays	Speaking / writing differences	Page 4
reference list/bibliography	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 8
reference with gerunds and prepositions	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 4
referencing web sites	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 7
reflexive pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Reflexive pronouns button
relative adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	Page 15
relative adverbs: where, when, why	Relative clauses	Page 3
relative pronouns	Relative clauses	Page 2
repeated actions in the past continuous	Past simple and past continuous	Page 10
repeated actions in the past perfect continuous	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	page 17
repetition in speaking and writing	Speaking / writing differences	Page 2
replacing a main clause with a participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 7
reported questions word order	Reported speech	Page 11
reported speech introduction	Reported speech	Page 1
reported speech: verbs and tenses which do not change	Reported speech	Page 8
reported speech: verbs which do not change, but can do	Reported speech	Page 9
reported speech: when backshift is necessary	Reported speech	Page 10
reporting open questions	Reported speech	Page 11
reporting question using or not	Reported speech	Page 11
reporting questions	Reported speech	Page 11
reporting statements using the present tense	Reported speech	Page 6
reporting thoughts	Reported speech	Page 3
reporting verb placement in direct speech	Reported speech	Page 2
reporting verbs and verb patterns	Reported speech	Page 13 - 15
reporting verbs in literary writing	Reported speech	Page 1
reporting verbs in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
reporting yes/no questions	Reported speech	Page 11
requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Pages 1-3
requests in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 12
result clauses with so	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 2
result clauses with such	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 2
run-ons	Fragments and run-ons	Pages 8 - 9
s
sarcasm (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 3
satire (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page5
second conditional	Conditionals	Page 6
second conditional functions	Conditionals	Page 4
second conditional use	Conditionals	Pages 5 - 6
second person point of view	Story genres	Page 6 - 7
seeing that, now that in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
sense verbs + object + gerund	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 4
sentence adverbs	Adverbs and adverbials	Pages 16 - 17
sentence structure patterns	Sentence structure (introduction)	Pages 1 - 2
sentence structure: definitions	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Definitions button
sequence of actions in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 3
sequence of actions with when in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Pages 4-5
shall for determination	Future 1	Page 6
shall for formal rules	Future 1	Page 6
shall for predictions	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 2
shall/should in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 12
shared knowledge	Written genres and the writing process	Page 3
should for probability	Modals: prediction, certainty, probability, possibility	Page 5
should/ought to for obligation	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 2
should/ought to have + past participle	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 4
since in adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 4
slap stick (writing)	Satire and satirical writing	Page 1
so + adjective/adverb + that clause	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 1
so + adjective/adverb combinations	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 1
so + do + subject	Cohesion	Page 8
so + pronoun + do	Cohesion	Page 10
so + ungradable adjective + that	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 3
so and not to replace noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 3
so as to + infinitive	Adverbial clauses	Page 5
so in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
so long as in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
so that (to introduce an adverbial clause)	Adverbial clauses	Page 6
so to replace clauses	Cohesion	Pages 11 - 12
spatial order	Introduction to description	Page 1
spatial order prepositional phrases (writing)	Introduction to description	Page 1
speaking/writing continuum	Speaking / writing differences	Page 1
speaking/writing contractions and slang	Speaking / writing differences	Page 5
speaking and writing, vague expressions in	Page 2 Speaking / writing differences	Page 2
special uses of dare	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 7
spelling rules for the present participle	Present simple and present continuous	Page 9
split infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 12
spoken genres	Written genres and the writing process	Page 1
spoken language, structure	Speaking / writing differences	Page 2
stative verbs	Present simple and present continuous	Page 4
stereotypes in argument (writing)	Introduction to argument 1	Page 10
still	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
stories	Story genres	Page 3
story plan	Story genres	Page 4
subject - verb - object	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page1 : Click SVO button
subject pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Subject pronouns buttons
subjects and objects review	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click Review button
subjunctive in poetry	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 2
subjunctive: fixed expressions	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 2
subordinate clause	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Main clause button
subordinate clauses and new information	(The) Clause (introduction)	Pages 3 - 4
subordinated clauses in speaking and writing	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 4: Click Speaking and writing button
subordinating conjunctions	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 1: Click Subordinate clause button
subordination, co-ordination	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 5: Click Writing tips button
substitution with do	Cohesion	Page 7
substitution, differences British and US English	Cohesion	Page 8
succeed in +-ing	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 4
such in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 4
such in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 7
such in reference	Cohesion	Page 6
suffixes	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 4
suffixes for adjectives	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 5
suffixes for people	Prefixes and suffixes	Page 5
suggestions	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 1
suggestions in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 12
summaries	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 6
superlatives (see comparatives)
superlative adjectives to replace a relative clause	Relative clauses	Page 5
superlative adverbs	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 1
superlative adverbs	Comparatives and superlatives	Page 1
supporting details	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 5
suppose + to	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 9
suppose etc.	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 6
supposing that	Conditionals	Page 8
t
tables	Describing graphs and charts	Page 7
tenses changes/ backshift in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 7
tenses in lead-in phrases in references	In-text referencing and bibliography	Page 3
tenses in participle clauses	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 5
tenses in subordinate clauses	(The) Clause (introduction)	Page 4: Click Tenses button
text organization (writing)	Introduction to comparison and contrast	Page 2
than comparison	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 7
that clauses + subjunctive	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 1
that in direct speech	Reported speech	Page 2
the + adjective	Adjectives	Page 3
the + -ing	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 5
the + participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 3
the comma (,) with too	Cohesion	Page 9
the other hand	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 5
the writing process: model	Written genres and the writing process	Page 2
theme in stories	Story genres	Page 3
there + be + problem/difficulty	There/It	Page 4
there + be in relative clauses	There/It	Page 3
there + definite noun phrase	There/It	Pages 1 - 2
there + -ing or to infinitive	There/It	Page 3
there + passive reporting verb	There/It	Page 3
there as an adverb	There/It	Page 2
there as new information	There/It	Page 1
there is/there are + noun + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 10
there/it differences	There/It	Page 10
there/it with indefinite pronouns	There/It	Page 2
there/it with quantifiers	There/It	Page 2
thesis statements in classification and division essays	Introduction to classification	Pages 2 - 3
think, find, believe, consider + object + adjective	Adjectives	Page 6
third conditional	Conditionals	Page 7
third conditional - variations in the main clause	Conditionals	Page 8
third person point of view	Story genres	Pages 7 - 10
third person requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 4
this in writing (cohesion)	Cohesion	Page 4
this, that , these , those	Adjectives	Page 14
this, that these, those + one/ones in cohesion	Cohesion	Page 3
this, that, these, those as forward reference	Cohesion	Page 5
this, that, these, those in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 5
till/until in past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 8
time adverbs with the future perfect	Future 2	Page 9
time clauses in present simple	Present simple and present continuous	Page 8
time conjunction	Adverbial clauses	Pages 2-3
time conjunction + participle	Participles, participle clauses and infinitives	Page 8
time expressions in reported speech	Reported speech	Page 5
to + infinitive after verbs of knowing/thinking	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 9
to + infinitive as complement	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 7
to + infinitive as subject	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 7
to + infinitive for future events	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 8
to + infinitive for purpose and reason	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 11
to + infinitive in place of relative clauses	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 10
to, nor, either, neither	Agreeing and disagreeing	Page 1 - 8
too in cohesion	Cohesion	Pages 8 - 9
too + adjective/adverb	Clauses of result, showing contrast and comparison clauses	Page 1
too + ungradable adjective	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 3
topic sentence	From the paragraph to the essay	Page 2
transitive and intransitive verbs	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 1: Click Trans Intrans verbs button
types of adverbial clauses	Adverbial clauses	Page 2
u
uncountable nouns	Articles	Page 2
unexpected/disappointing result	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 11
ungradable adjectives and comparison	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 3
ungradable adjectives examples	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 2
ungradable adjectives used as adverbs	Adjectives: gradable and ungradable	Page 2: Click button More
unless in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
unreal habits	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 4
unreal past	Subjunctive and unreal past	Page 3
unreal situations	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 4
unreal would + be for other verbs	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 5
use of defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page: 2: Click Defining button
use of non-defining relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 2: Click Non-defining button
used to	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 2
used to	Past simple and past continuous	Page 6
used to, habits past simple	Past simple and past continuous	Page 5
used to as adjective	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 2
used to for habits	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 2
v
verb + as in fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 5
verb + object + to infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 8
verb + to infinitive	Sentence structure (introduction)	Page 2
verb agreement with there/it	There/It	Page 1
verb echoes and fronting	Fronting and inversion	Page 5
verbs + -ing at a glance	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 14
verbs + noun clause	Noun clauses	Page 3
verbs + to + infinitive at a glance	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 14
verbs followed by a gerund	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 2
verbs followed by to + infinitive but not -ing	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 7
verbs in noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 4
verbs of movement in inversion	Fronting and inversion	Page 6
verbs of perception + object + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
verbs that can be used with to + infinitive or gerund	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 14
verbs that change meaning in the present continuous	Present simple and present continuous	Page 12
verbs that refer to the future	Future 2	Page 5
verbs that use verb + ing or to + infinitive at a glance	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 14
verbs used in classification an division	Introduction to classification	Page 3
verbs used in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 3
verbs which change meaning after - ing/to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Pages 15 - 16
w
was/were going to	Future 2	Page 11
what if in conditionals	Conditionals	Page 8
what meaning the things that	Relative clauses	Page 4
what, which, whose	Adjectives	Page 14
what, which, whose as pronouns	Pronouns	Page 4
wh-clauses + to + infinitive	Noun clauses	Page 4
when clause tense with past perfect	Past perfect and past perfect continuous	Page 11
when to use the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 7
whether noun clauses	Noun clauses	Page 5
which referring to a clause	Relative clauses	Page 4
whichever, whatever in relative clauses	Relative clauses	Page 4
Why not? + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
will and shall	Future 1	Page 3
will and shall for facts	Future 1	Page 4
will for predictions	Future 1	Page 4
will for unpremeditated decisions	Future 1	Page 4
will functions	Future 1	Page 5
will/be going to differences (intention)	Future 1	Page 7
will/be going to differences (prediction and willingness)	Future 1	Page 8
will/be going to for refusal	Future 1	Page 9
willingness	Conditionals	Page 4
willingness, refusal	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 3
with or in instead of by in the passive	Passive and causative have and get	Page 7
would be able to	Modals: ability, permission, prohibition	Page 1
would for future in the past	Future 2	Page 12
would in unreal situations	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 6
would in wish/if only	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 6
would rather	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 4
would rather + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
would sooner + bare infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 13
would unreal past	Modals: habits, unreal situations, dare, etc.	Page 5
would/could in polite requests	Modals: offers, suggestions, requests, etc.	Page 4
would/like/love/hate + to + infinitive	Gerunds and infinitives	Page 9
x

y
you must/you have to	Modals: obligation, necessity, advice, etc.	Page 1
you, we, they, as impersonal pronouns	Pronouns	Page 2: click Impersonal pronouns buttons
z
zero article	Articles	Pages 4 - 5
zero conditional	Conditionals	Page 2

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